Pender, a former professor, developed the health promotion model in 1982. According to this nursing philosophy, diseases and illnesses may be avoided by changing one’s behavior and making healthy choices. The HPM teaches nurses that behavioral counseling, which promotes a healthy lifestyle, is a significant predictor of health behaviors. Person, environment, nursing, health, and disease are the five main elements of the HPM. Furthermore, the HPM stresses health as realizing human potential via goal-directed activity, self-care, and interpersonal relationships. As a result, health is more than just the absence of illness; it is a positive dynamic condition. On the other hand, illnesses are characterized as distinct life occurrences that obstruct a patient’s ongoing attempts to stay healthy. Patients must concentrate on identifying and managing life factors more predictive of specific health behaviors in patients.
The Health Promotion Model is predicated on four assumptions. The first is that people want to be able to control their conduct. Individuals are more likely to engage in activities that provide them with tangible advantages. The HPM’s second premise is that people change the environment through time, and the environment changes the person. Individuals have interactions with their surroundings. An individual’s health behavior is predicted by his or her traits, experiences, previous behavior, and personal variables (biological, psychological, and socio-cultural). The HPM’s third premise is that health professionals, such as nurses, are part of an individual’s interpersonal environment, impacting them throughout their lives. Primary sources of interpersonal impacts include family, peers, and healthcare professionals. The HPM’s fourth assumption says that to alter one’s health behavior, one must reconfigure the interactions between oneself and the environment (Kaakinen et al., 2018). Actions that improve a person’s health are referred to as health promotion. People may use these activities to preserve or enhance their present health. Individuals are motivated to work constructively to attain a more stable level of health via health promotion. Nurses must first assess the patient’s health in order to assist them in leading healthy lives. There are a variety of nursing theories that are based on a person’s health viewpoint. This article looks at how health promotion theories may assist nurses in understanding how people’s perceptions affect their lifestyle choices.
The objective of the Health Promotion Model
Moreover, focusing on how individuals interact to enhance the welfare of their physiological and psychological environments, the health promotion model explains what motivates people to participate in activities to promote their health. The primary emphasis of healthcare should be on health promotion and illness prevention. When the two metrics fail to anticipate predicaments or difficulties, the emphasis should shift to providing care when sick. In essence, nursing is a career dedicated to assisting individuals in being more proactive in their self-care and well-being through promoting healthy habits (Khoshnood et a;., 2020). The model’s primary goal is to provide nurses with the necessary knowledge and awareness of the variables that affect people’s health habits. Through behavioral therapy, the approach focuses on healthy habits that improve healthy lives and well-being. A digital health promotion tool may be just as devastating as it can be liberating. Modern technologies have the potential to change health communication and promotion while also increasing accessibility and efficacy.
Risks and Characteristics
GB’s family has a history of hypertension, alcoholism, obesity, bipolar adjustment disorder, COVID-19, and COPD. CR, a 66-year-old senior with COPD and bipolar adjustment disorder, lives in the home. IB and GB are in a relationship. IB is obese and suffers from Crohn’s disease. IB has also been diagnosed with COVID-19. IB’s father is an alcoholic, and his mother suffers from hypertension. GB is obese and suffers from asthma as well as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Her mother died of lung cancer caused by non-smoking. AB, a 17-year-old adolescent, is a member of the family. He is well. However, he contracted COVID-19 from IB and has since recovered. Hypertension, diabetes, and alcoholism are all prevalent in the family. Obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, a high fat and high carbohydrate diet, and high-stress employment are all modifiable risk factors contributing to chronic illnesses.
Plan
Dietary change, activity and exercise, and stress management are all health promotion strategies that may benefit the whole family. IB and GB are both obese, placing them at risk for high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. CR is an older man who needs healthy food to fulfill his body’s aging demands. AB is a young boy who is a danger of becoming fat as a child. The family lives in a neighborhood with plenty of healthy eating options. Fresh fruits and vegetables are available at some supermarket shops. A communal garden and a farmers’ market are also available in the neighborhood. These food sources may assist the family in modifying their diet. The educational approach to dietary modifications involves preparing meals, maintaining healthy weights, and utilizing MyPlate to advise the appropriate daily consumption of food. Having a balanced food composition is very helpful to human health, particularly diabetes prevention, stress reduction, and insulin resistance reduction. GB’s family hails from a society where high carbohydrate and high-fat meals are the norms. In order to have nutritious food on the table, it is vital to educate the family on how to substitute ingredients while preparing their specialties. Prior behavior, hereditary traits, beliefs, and socio-cultural norms all influence the adoption of health-promoting behavior, according to Pender’s Health Promotion Model (Koerner, 2012). When teaching meal planning and healthy meal choices, it is crucial to consider the family’s cultural dietary habits. Positive emotions have a role in behavior change, according to the HPM, which increases the likelihood of commitment and action to a health-promoting activity. When educating about diet adjustment, it is critical to incorporate the family’s dietary preferences.
Increased activity and regular exercise will be the second health promotion strategy. The family lacks exercise, which prevents and maintains a healthy weight as a risk factor. Exercising regularly helps body systems absorb glucose, reducing the levels of blood glucose. Weight reduction and blood cholesterol, and blood pressure management are also aided by regular physical exercise. In the family area, numerous parks and paths may be utilized for walking or running. The neighborhood has many amenities that encourage active living, including open basketball fitness centers at Bowie Gymnasium, Bowie Boys and Girls Club for adolescents, which provides various sports all year round.
Regular exercise may also aid with stress management in the family. CR suffers from bipolar adjustment disorder, which may lead to mania or depression if not treated correctly. GB works a demanding job and drinks after work on occasion. Individual differences in the likelihood of drinking and drinking issues are affected by stress. Stress management is the last technique of health improvement that is suitable for the whole family. Guided visualization, diaphragmatic breathing meditation, and mindfulness are stress management techniques that the family may practice. Evidence-based stress reduction strategies or approaches, according to study results, may assist in reducing stress levels, which can lead to a decrease in illness symptoms, disease prevention, and an increase in an individual’s quality of life.
Two treatments that the whole family may participate in include stress management and regular exercise. Families are significant sources of interpersonal influence in Pender’s HPM because they may enhance or reduce commitment and involvement in the health-promoting activity (Franck & O’Brien, 2019). According to the HPM, people are more likely to engage and commit to health promotion activities if important persons model the action and provide aid and support. The family may exercise and relax to improve participation and commitment to stress management and regular exercise, which can aid in weight management and preventing hypertension, diabetes, and alcoholism. Walking trails, parks, museums, community centers, senior centers, and other activities such as community runs and sports are all available in the family’s neighborhood, assisting GB’s family remain active and relax.
Conclusion
Nursing has long been regarded as the most reputable professional. Nurses are then assigned a significant role in educating patients about the significance of lifestyle changes and adjustments in preventing and managing chronic illnesses. Nurses should assist patients in learning to self-care and making healthy choices. Lifestyle-related illnesses such as hypertension, diabetes, stress-induced alcoholism, and obesity may be prevented by engaging in health-promoting activities. Because of their family’s health history, GB’s family is at risk for diabetes, hypertension, and alcoholism. Modifiable habits, such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and appropriate stress management, will help the family avoid developing such illnesses. Health-promoting behavior is not an easy habit to form, but it offers many advantages if people follow a healthy lifestyle. Health is a positive dynamic condition, not only the absence of illness, as Pender’s Health Promotion Model says.
References
Franck, L. S., & O’Brien, K. (2019). The evolution of family‐centered care: From supporting parent‐delivered interventions to a model of family integrated care. Birth defects research, 111(15), 1044-1059.
Kaakinen, J. R., Coehlo, D. P., Steele, R., Tabacco, A., & Hanson, S.M.H. (2018). Family health care nursing: Theory, practice & research. (6th ed.). F.A. Davis Company.
Khoshnood, Z., Rayyani, M., & Tirgari, B. (2020). Theory analysis for Pender’s health promotion model (HPM) by Barnum’s criteria: a critical perspective. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 32(4).
Koerner, J. (2012). Mother, Heal my self: An intergenerational healing journey between two worlds. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
